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Concept
Closed list
Summary
Closed list describes the variant of party-list systems where voters can effectively vote for only political parties as a whole; thus they have no influence on the party-supplied order in which party candidates are elected. If voters had some influence, that would be called an open list. Closed list systems are still commonly used in party-list proportional representation, and most mixed electoral systems also use closed lists in their party list component. Many countries, however have changed their electoral systems to use open lists to incorporate personalised representation to their proportional systems.
In closed list systems, each political party has pre-decided who will receive the seats allocated to that party in the elections, so that the candidates positioned highest on this list tend to always get a seat in the parliament while the candidates positioned very low on the closed list will not. However, the candidates "at the water mark" of a given party are in the position of either losing or winning their seat depending on the number of votes the party gets. "The water mark" is the number of seats a specific party can be expected to achieve. The number of seats that the party wins, combined with the candidates' positions on the party's list, will then determine whether a particular candidate will get a seat.
Algeria
Angola
Argentina
Armenia
Benin
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
Colombia (depending on the party)
Costa Rica
Dominican Republic
East Timor
Equatorial Guinea
Guatemala
Guinea-Bissau
Guyana
Hong Kong (1997-2016)
Israel
Kazakhstan
Kyrgyzstan
Lithuania (1992-1997) (Seimas and munipalities' councils)
Moldova
Montenegro
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nicaragua
Niger
North Macedonia
Paraguay
Portugal
Romania
Rwanda
Serbia
South Africa
Spain
Sri Lanka
Togo
Tunisia
Turkey
Uruguay
Mixed electoral system using closed lists for the proportional component
Andorra
Hungary
Germany (mixed-member proportional representation)
Italy
New Zealand (mixed-member proportional representation)
Russia
Scotland
Taiwan
Wales
Par
Official source
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