The syntax of the C programming language is the set of rules governing writing of software in the C language. It is designed to allow for programs that are extremely terse, have a close relationship with the resulting object code, and yet provide relatively high-level data abstraction. C was the first widely successful high-level language for portable operating-system development.
C syntax makes use of the maximal munch principle.
C data types
The C language represents numbers in three forms: integral, real and complex. This distinction reflects similar distinctions in the instruction set architecture of most central processing units. Integral data types store numbers in the set of integers, while real and complex numbers represent numbers (or pair of numbers) in the set of real numbers in floating point form.
All C integer types have and variants. If or is not specified explicitly, in most circumstances is assumed. However, for historic reasons plain is a type distinct from both and . It may be a signed type or an unsigned type, depending on the compiler and the character set (C guarantees that members of the C basic character set have positive values). Also, bit field types specified as plain may be signed or unsigned, depending on the compiler.
C's integer types come in different fixed sizes, capable of representing various ranges of numbers. The type occupies exactly one byte (the smallest addressable storage unit), which is typically 8 bits wide. (Although can represent any of C's "basic" characters, a wider type may be required for international character sets.) Most integer types have both signed and unsigned varieties, designated by the and keywords. Signed integer types may use a two's complement, ones' complement, or sign-and-magnitude representation. In many cases, there are multiple equivalent ways to designate the type; for example, and are synonymous.
The representation of some types may include unused "padding" bits, which occupy storage but are not included in the width.
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In some programming languages, const is a type qualifier (a keyword applied to a data type) that indicates that the data is read-only. While this can be used to declare constants, in the C family of languages differs from similar constructs in other languages in being part of the type, and thus has complicated behavior when combined with pointers, references, composite data types, and type-checking. In other languages, the data is not in a single memory location, but copied at compile time on each use.
In computer programming, digraphs and trigraphs are sequences of two and three characters, respectively, that appear in source code and, according to a programming language's specification, should be treated as if they were single characters. Various reasons exist for using digraphs and trigraphs: keyboards may not have keys to cover the entire character set of the language, input of special characters may be difficult, text editors may reserve some characters for special use and so on.
In the C and C++ programming languages, an inline function is one qualified with the keyword inline; this serves two purposes: It serves as a compiler directive that suggests (but does not require) that the compiler substitute the body of the function inline by performing inline expansion, i.e. by inserting the function code at the address of each function call, thereby saving the overhead of a function call. In this respect it is analogous to the register storage class specifier, which similarly provides an optimization hint.
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