History of socialism

The history of socialism has its origins in the Age of Enlightenment and the 1789 French Revolution along with the changes that it brought, although it has precedents in earlier movements and ideas. The Communist Manifesto was written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in 1847-48 just before the Revolutions of 1848 swept Europe, expressing what they termed scientific socialism. In the last third of the 19th century parties dedicated to Democratic socialism arose in Europe, drawing mainly from Marxism. The Australian Labor Party was the world's first elected socialist party when it formed government in the Colony of Queensland for a week in 1899. In the first half of the 20th century, the Soviet Union and the communist parties of the Third International around the world mainly came to represent socialism in terms of the Soviet model of economic development and the creation of centrally planned economies directed by a state that owns all the means of production, although other trends condemned what they saw as the lack of democracy. In the United Kingdom, Herbert Morrison said that "socialism is what the Labour government does" whereas Aneurin Bevan argued that socialism requires that the "main streams of economic activity are brought under public direction", with an economic plan and workers' democracy. Some argued that capitalism had been abolished. Socialist governments established the mixed economy with partial nationalisations and social welfare. By 1968, the prolonged Vietnam War gave rise to the New Left, socialists who tended to be critical of the Soviet Union and social democracy. Anarcho-syndicalists and some elements of the New Left and others favoured decentralised collective ownership in the form of cooperatives or workers' councils. Socialists have also adopted the causes of other social movements such as environmentalism, feminism and progressivism. At the turn of the 21st century, Latin America saw a pink tide, which championed socialism of the 21st century; it included a policy of nationalisation of major national assets, anti-imperialism, left-wing populism, and a rejection of the Washington Consensus and the neoliberal paradigm.

Nouvelle vague. Projet de réhabilitation d’un grand ensemble résidentiel du 20e siècle en Pologne

Maria Sienko

Ce travail propose la transformation d’un quartier moderniste construit dans les années 1960 et 1970 à la périphérie de la ville de Gdansk, en Pologne. Le projet, qui tire parti du potentiel paysager et spatial du lieu, appréhende de manière positive cette architecture souvent dévalorisée afin de lui donner une deuxième vie. L’objectif de ce travail est aussi de questionner plus largement la façon de transformer la ville de manière durable. En partant de l’état existant, le projet propose une alternative à l’approche qui prévaut actuellement en Pologne, laquelle privilégie la démolition. L’intervention à l’échelle urbaine comprend l’amélioration qualitative du grand ensemble par l’introduction d’éléments architecturaux à petite échelle. Pour faire ressortir l’identité du quartier, sa densification tient compte de l’hétérogénéité, des particularités et de la diversité du paysage. Le défi consiste aussi à animer les espaces communs qui sont trop souvent réduits à n’être que des surfaces vides entre les bâtiments. En même temps, le projet prévoit la réhabilitation et l’extension d’un bâtiment en forme de vague, emblématique de ce quartier, en vue d’y introduire une mixité sociale et fonctionnelle, et de diversifier l’offre typologique. L’agrandissement et l’ouverture sur l’extérieur des logements vise à améliorer les conditions de vie des habitants.

2022

Bottom up fabrication of (9,0) zigzag and (6,6) armchair carbon nanotube end-caps on the Rh(111) surface

Klaus Kern, Stephan Rauschenbach, Nasiba Abdurakhmanova

The exploration and wide application of single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) require the development of new synthetic approaches enabling facile and fully rational CNT fabrication. In this communication the conversion of two precursors yielding the pote ...

Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd2015

Nouvelle vague. Projet de réhabilitation d’un grand ensemble résidentiel du 20e siècle en Pologne

The right to housing? The antinomies of social housing between public and private

Bottom up fabrication of (9,0) zigzag and (6,6) armchair carbon nanotube end-caps on the Rh(111) surface

Nouvelle vague. Projet de réhabilitation d’un grand ensemble résidentiel du 20e siècle en Pologne

Bottom up fabrication of (9,0) zigzag and (6,6) armchair carbon nanotube end-caps on the Rh(111) surface

The right to housing? The antinomies of social housing between public and private