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In the postwar years, petroleum products pervaded more and more aspects of Western European life. In this article, we study the origins of this pervasive petroculture through the lens of the Marshall Plan/European Recovery Program (ERP), its Refinery Expan ...
As oil consumption surged in Western Europe after 1945, its environmental and sanitary consequences became visible to consumers for whom they had remained largely hidden until then. Indeed, refineries had long been located in the producing countries or, in ...
Buildings are demolished when they are considered obsolete, in other words, when they have reached the end of their lifespan. Demolition leads to waste; in Europe, construction and demolition waste accounts for approximately 25-30% of the total waste gener ...
Student accommodation became a problem only a century after the foundation of the first universities in Europe in the 12th century. At the very beginning students had to provide their own lodgings autonomously. In many university cities the situation prove ...
The establishment of company towns played a significant role in developing both urban and rural areas in Europe during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. By combining historical and urban research, this study provides findings about the industry's pol ...
Louvain research institute for Landscape, Archi- tecture, Built environment, UCLouvain2023
Hydropower has a long tradition in Europe, contributing significantly during the first half of the last century to the welfare and industrial development of most countries across the continent. Today, reaching nearly 650 TWh of annual generation in an aver ...
Since its origins the university was a very privileged institution. The foundation of colleges on the other hand became an important political instrument for penetrating its exclusivity and making learning accessible to students and scholars coming from th ...
Lakes are a fundamental feature of nature with brilliance, profoundness and complexity. Various of physical, chemical and biological changes take place three dimensionally in deep lakes, regulated by complicated boundary conditions. To understand and predi ...
By the end of the 19th century, an international order had emerged for patents, allowing business actors to use patents in many countries concurrently, and thus supporting a new phase in the development of industrial capitalism. Centered on Europe in spite ...
Background: Temperate subalpine lakes recovering from eutrophication in central Europe are experiencing harmful blooms due to the proliferation of Planktothrix rubescens, a potentially toxic cyanobacteria. To optimize the management of cyanobacteria blooms ...
