Area studies

Summary

Area studies (also known as regional studies) are interdisciplinary fields of research and scholarship pertaining to particular geographical, national/federal, or cultural regions. The term exists primarily as a general description for what are, in the practice of scholarship, many heterogeneous fields of research, encompassing both the social sciences and the humanities. Typical area study programs involve international relations, strategic studies, history, political science, political economy, cultural studies, languages, geography, literature, and other related disciplines. In contrast to cultural studies, area studies often include diaspora and emigration from the area. History Interdisciplinary area studies became increasingly common in the United States and in Western scholarship after World War II. Before that war American universities had just a few faculty who taught or conducted research on the non-Western world. Foreign-area studies were virtually nonexistent. Af

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_studies

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Numerical Simulation of Soil Moisture and Heat Transfer for Land-Atmosphere Exchange

Florian Habermacher

The exchange of moisture and heat between the land and the atmosphere is an area of major uncertainty in different fields of environmental research including global problems such as climate change and more local and regional studies such as the influence of changes of the landscape on the microclimate. With the goal of developing an improved representation of land-atmosphere exchange, a numerical soil moisture and heat (NSSMH) transfer model was developed that uses atmospheric conditions as the primary forcing to calculate heat fluxes between the soil and the overlying air. The model calculates vapor and liquid moisture transport as well as sensible heat transfer. In several tests the code was shown to be a useful tool for understanding the nature of the surface exchange phenomena. Among these, it was shown that during the afternoon when the soil surface is being heated by the sun, water vapor inside the soil column is flowing both downwards and upwards.

2006

Does inventor centrality foster regional innovation? The case of the Swiss medical devices sector

Monica Coffano, Dominique Foray, Michele Pezzoni

Does inventor centrality foster regional innovation? The case of the Swiss medical devices sector. Regional Studies. This paper contributes an empirical analysis to the discussion of the impact of inventors' collaboration networks on regional innovation. More precisely, it investigates how inventors' degree centrality in the regional co-invention network, and inventors' cross-regional linkages, influence innovation in the Swiss medical devices sector. The results show that high values of inventor centrality and the presence of cross-regional linkages have mutually reinforcing effects on innovation. These findings provide insights for policy-makers designing policy to encourage regional innovation.

Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd2017

The geography of duplicated inventions: evidence from patent citations

Stefano Horst Baruffaldi, Julio Diego Salvador Raffo

The geography of duplicated inventions: evidence from patent citations. Regional Studies. Innovators often claim inventions that turn out to duplicate, at least in part, existing ones. This paper advances the claim that for recent and upcoming inventions, competitive incentives are high, and localized knowledge flows increase the probability of duplication. Therefore, over a brief period of time the probability of duplication is higher at short geographical distance. Conversely, the duplication of less recent inventions is more likely at long distance as a consequence of a lower awareness of the existence of a technology. This claim is supported by coherent descriptive and multivariate evidence using data on patent citation categories from the European Patent Office (EPO).

Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd2017