Model (person)

Summary

A model is a person with a role either to promote, display or advertise commercial products (notably fashion clothing in fashion shows) or to serve as a visual aid for people who are creating works of art or to pose for photography. Though models are predominantly female, there are also male models, especially to model clothing. Models may work professionally or casually. Modelling ("modeling" in American English) is considered to be different from other types of public performance, such as acting or dancing. Although the difference between modelling and performing is not always clear, appearing in a film or a play is not generally considered to be "modelling". Similarly, appearing in a TV advertisement is generally not considered modelling. Modelling generally does not involve speaking. Personal opinions are generally not expressed and a model's reputation and image are considered critical. Types of modelling include: fashion, glamour, fitness, bikini, fine art, body-part, promoti

Official source

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_(person)

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The financial crisis of 2007-2009 drew attention to the essential role of banks for the macroeconomy and to the importance of having a resilient financial sector. A vulnerability in the financial sector spills over to the real economy and can drive it into a deep recession. Following the financial crisis, policy makers have issued rules and regulations aimed at strengthening the banks. My dissertation considers some of those measures, namely bank liquidity regulation and deposit insurance, and tries to assess their effectiveness in stabilizing the financial sector and the economy in general. The first chapter (joint with Prof. Luisa Lambertini) develops a model with regulated banks and a hedge fund to analyze the behavior of wholesale funding and the macroeconomic consequences of liquidity regulation. Banks raise deposits and subordinated wholesale funding from the hedge fund. Wholesale funding amplifies shocks: it is curtailed in economic downturns to avoid leveraging up and risk-taking by banks, further depressing credit and economic activity. By making banks safer, liquidity regulation increases wholesale funding and bank loans at the steady state. However, flat liquidity regulation requiring banks to hold a constant fraction of liquid assets can have unintended consequences and increase macroeconomic volatility. Our model further shows that cyclically adjusted regulation stabilizes the response of the economy to shocks. We also provide empirical evidence suggesting that liquidity helps contain the contraction in wholesale funding and loans during times of funding stress. The second chapter explores the macroeconomic and welfare implications of harmonizing or joining deposit insurance in the Eurozone. I develop a two-country model to represent the core and periphery countries in the Eurozone. The model features fragile banks that can be subject to endogenous and costly runs. The two countries are financially integrated through an international interbank market. I introduce deposit insurance and compare different insurance regimes in steady state and along the business cycle. The model emphasizes that financial integration implies co-movement in asset prices and the transmission of shocks across the border. I find that when deposit insurance has lower coverage in the periphery than in the core, financial stability is undermined in both regions due to higher asset price volatility and a higher probability of deposit runs. Hence, either harmonizing or joining deposit insurance leads to substantial welfare benefits for both countries. In the third chapter, I develop a macroeconomic model with multiple equilibria and bank runs to analyze deposit insurance. A bank run is a sunspot equilibrium, and it is caused by a self-fulfilling panic of all depositors. The model features a unique no-run equilibrium when macroeconomic conditions are good, but an unexpected negative shock may open up the possibility of a run equilibrium. A bank run is a rare but costly event that drives the economy in a long and severe recession. I analyze the introduction and build-up of a deposit insurance fund and show that it reduces the cost and probability of bank runs. The dynamic simulation of the model reveals that deposit insurance diminishes macroeconomic and financial instability following a technological shock.

EPFL2018

Influence of residual stresses on the buckling capacity of axially loaded steel columns

Gabriele Falconi

Over the past 60-80 years, the design methodology of steel structures comprising conventional steel profiles, such as HEA, HEB or HEM, has remained unchanged. However, during the 21st century, production methods have improved considerably. The aim of this study is to develop the basis for evaluating and refining the design methodology of steel members by considering realistic residual stress distributions generated during the fabrication process. Out of the numerous production methods, in this study we focus on hot rolled wide flange cross sections which are the most commonly used profiles in construction. Design specifications vary from one country to another. A comparison of the Swiss, European, Canadian, and Japanese approaches would help towards understanding the factors influencing the sizing of steel profiles. Simplified methods based on analytical and semi-experimental models have been developed over time to help engineers consider the phenomenon of lateral buckling by ensuring a sufficient degree of safety. Considering that the above design specifications have been developed based on experimental research of steel profiles and materials characteristic of old practices, this study investigates potential updates in the current design practices. To succeed in this challenge, it is imperative that the residual stress distributions of current cross-sectional and material characteristics are explained. Several studies throughout the past years have tried to focus on formulating simplified models that consider residual stress distributions. The accuracy of these models is investigated and recommendations are provided based on the best fits to measured residual stress distributions. These have explicitly been collected from nearly 10 experimental programs leading to more than 30 measured distributions with 𝐻/𝐵 (where 𝐻 is the height of the wide flange section and 𝐵 is the width) ranging from 0.95 to 2.22 (where 𝑡𝑓 is the thickness of the flange) ranging from 6.30 to 40mm. To supplement the knowledge regarding the residual stress distributions of current material specifications and to widen the cross-sectional range of available distributions, five additional wide flange residual stress distribution measurements (i.e., HEA160, HEM500, IPE120, IPE200 and IPE360) are implemented for the sake of this study. These distributions have been precisely determined through destructive laboratory measurements (i.e., cutting method) that are thoroughly explained in this thesis. In the advent of new technology and software development, structural element simulation can be performed in a thorough and precise manner. With the aid continuum finite element analysis (CFEA), the influence of residual stresses on lateral buckling of columns under axial load will be investigated. Eight cross-sectional profiles (i.e., HEA160, HEB500, HEM300, HEM500, IPE120, IPE200, IPE 360 and IPE400) are investigated. The CFEA consider realistic residual stress distributions that have been conducted by RESSLab, EPFL. The ultimate compressive load of these profiles considering varying buckling lengths (𝜆̅𝑘 ranging from 0.49 to 1.93, where 𝜆̅𝑘 is the normalised buckling length) are determined and compared with available design specifications.

2021

The Energy and Water Emergency Module; A containerized solution for meeting the energy and water needs in protracted displacement situations

Anish Modi, Govinda Upadhyay

The world has faced many natural and man-made disasters in the past few years, resulting in millions of people living in temporary camps across the globe. The energy and clean water needs of the relief operators in such emergency situations are primarily satisfied by diesel engine based generators and importing clean water to the site, in certain cases even for several years after the emergency. This approach results in problems such as low security of supply and high costs. Especially targeting the prolonged displacement situations, this paper presents an alternative solution – the Energy and Water Emergency Module. The proposed solution aims towards reducing the dependency on fossil fuel in prolonged emergency situations to a minimum while including local energy sources in the energy supply in a flexible and reliable way. The proposed module is built in a standard 20 ft container, and encompasses hybrid generation from solar, wind and biomass, with the possibility of using fossil sources too thanks to a dual fuel gas engine. The module can work both in grid connected and stand-alone mode. In addition the module includes a water purification unit to meet the water needs of displaced population. A demonstration unit was assembled at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm during the year 2012 as a ‘concept proof’, and is now being tested and optimized for future deployment on the field. Preliminary testing and modelling shows that the proposed solution can reliably support emergency situations, and is already cost competitive with the current water and energy supply solutions for emergency situations.

Elsevier2015

EPFL2018

Influence of residual stresses on the buckling capacity of axially loaded steel columns

Gabriele Falconi

2021