Indian rupee

The Indian rupee (symbol ₹; code: INR) is the official currency in the Republic of India. The rupee is subdivided into 100 paise (Hindi pl; singular: paisa). The issuance of the currency is controlled by the Reserve Bank of India. The Reserve Bank manages currency in India and derives its role in currency management on the basis of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. Pāṇini (6th to 4th century BCE) mentions ISO (रूप्य). While Shankar Goyal mentions it is unclear whether Panini was referring to coinage, other scholars conclude that Panini uses the term rūpa to mean a piece of precious metal (typically silver) used as a coin, and a rūpya to mean a stamped piece of metal, a coin in the modern sense. Arthashastra, written by Chanakya, prime minister to the first Maurya emperor Chandragupta Maurya (340–290 BCE), mentions silver coins as ISO. Other types of coins, including gold coins (ISO), copper coins (ISO), and lead coins (ISO), are also mentioned. The immediate precursor of the rupee is the rūpiya—the silver coin weighing 178 grains minted in northern India, first by Sher Shah Suri during his brief rule between 1540 and 1545, and later adopted and standardized by the Mughal Empire. The weight remained unchanged well beyond the end of the Mughals until the 20th century. RupeeHistory of the rupee Historical currencies of IndiaPaisa and Coinage of India The history of the Indian rupee traces back to ancient India in circa 6th century BCE: ancient India was one of the earliest issuers of coins in the world, along with the Chinese wen and Lydian staters. Arthashastra, written by Chanakya, prime minister to the first Maurya emperor Chandragupta Maurya (c. 340–290 BCE), mentions silver coins as rūpyarūpa, other types including gold coins (suvarṇarūpa), copper coins (tamrarūpa) and lead coins (sīsarūpa) are mentioned. ISO means 'form' or 'shape'; for example, in the word ISO: ISO 'wrought silver' and ISO 'form'. The Gupta Empire produced large numbers of silver coins clearly influenced by those of the earlier Western Satraps by Chandragupta II.

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