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In organic chemistry, a Schiff base (named after Hugo Schiff) is a compound with the general structure ( = alkyl or aryl, but not hydrogen). They can be considered a sub-class of imines, being either secondary ketimines or secondary aldimines depending on their structure. Anil refers to a common subset of Schiff bases: imines derived from anilines. The term can be synonymous with azomethine which refers specifically to secondary aldimines (i.e. where R' ≠ H). Synthesis Schiff bases can be synthesized from an aliphatic or aromatic amine and a carbonyl compound by nucleophilic addition forming a hemiaminal, followed by a dehydration to generate an imine. In a typical reaction, 4,4'-oxydianiline reacts with o-vanillin: Biochemistry Schiff bases have been investigated in relation to a wide range of contexts, including antimicrobial, antiviral and anticancer activity. They have also been considered for the inhibition of amyloid-β aggregation. Schiff bases

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Carbon dioxide reduction by lanthanide(iii) complexes supported by redox-active Schiff base ligands

Nadir Jori, Marinella Mazzanti, Rosario Scopelliti, Davide Toniolo

Here we have explored the ability of Schiff bases to act as electron reservoirs and to enable the multi-electron reduction of small molecules by lanthanide complexes. We report the reductive chemistry of the Ln(iii) complexes of the tripodal heptadentate Schiff base H(3)trensal (2,2 ',2 ''-tris(salicylideneimino)triethylamine), [Ln(III)(trensal)],1-Ln(Ln = Sm, Nd, Eu). We show that the reduction of the [Eu-III(trensal)] complex leads to the first example of a Eu(ii) Schiff base complex [{K(mu-THF)(THF)(2)}(2){Eu-II(trensal)}(2)],3-Eu. In contrast the one- and two-electron reduction of the [Nd-III(trensal)] and [Sm-III(trensal)] leads to the intermolecular reductive coupling of the imino groups of the trensal ligand and to the formation of one and two C-C bonds leaving the metal center in the +3 oxidation state. The resulting one- and two electron reduced complexes [{K(THF)(3)}(2)Ln(2)(bis-trensal)],2-Ln, and [{K(THF)(3)}(2){K(THF)}(2)Ln(2)(cyclo-trensal)],4-Ln(Ln = Sm, Nd) are able to effect the reductive disproportionation of carbon dioxide by transferring the electrons stored in the C-C bonds to CO(2)to selectively afford carbonate and CO. The selectivity of the reaction contrasts with the formation of multiple CO(2)reduction products previously reported for a U(iv)-trensal system.

ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY2020

Carbon Dioxide Reduction by Multimetallic Uranium(IV) Complexes Supported by Redox-Active Schiff Base Ligands

Marta Falcone, Nadir Jori, Marinella Mazzanti, Rosario Scopelliti

The synthesis, structure, and reactivity with CO2 and CS2 of new U(IV) complexes with a redox-active Schiff base are reported. The reaction of UI3 with the heptadentate Schiff base ligand 2,2',2 ''-tris(salicylideneimino)-triethylamine (trensal) did not lead to the formation of a U(III) complex but to the reductive coupling and C-C bond formation between two imino groups of the Schiff base, yielding the U(IV) complex [U-2(bis-trensal)], 1. Further reduction of 1 led to the dinuclear macrocyclic complex [{K(THF)(3)}(2)U-2(cyclotrensal)], 3-THF, through a second C-C bond formation reaction between two additional imino groups. Complexes 1 and 3 are oxidized by AgOTf resulting in the cleavage of the C-C bonds and leading to the formation of the U(IV) complex [U(trensal)]OTf, 2. Complex 1 does not reduce CO2 or CS2 but undergoes insertion of CO2 into one of the U-N bonds. In contrast, the reaction of 3 with 2 equiv of CO2 leads to the reductive disproportionation of CO2 to afford carbonate in 80% yield. In the presence of a large excess of CO2 multiple reactions take place, as supported by the isolation of the crystals of [{K(THF)(3)}U-2(mu-O)(CO2-CO-cyclo-trensal)(U(trensal))], 4. The higher reductive activity toward CO2 of complex 3 compared to previously reported U(IV) complexes of reduced Schiff bases is interpreted in terms of its redox properties.

AMER CHEMICAL SOC2020

Thermodynamics and kinetics of protonated merocyanine photoacids in water

Cesare Berton, Daniel Maria Busiello, Farzaneh Fadaei Tirani, Cristian Pezzato, Rosario Scopelliti, Kay Severin, Euro Solari, Stefano Zamuner

Metastable-state photoacids (mPAHs) are chemical species whose photo-activated state is long-lived enough to allow for proton diffusion. Liao's photoacid (1) represents the archetype of mPAHs, and is being widely used on account of its unique capability to change the acidity of aqueous solutions reversibly. The behavior of 1 in water, however, still remains poorly understood. Herein, we provide in-depth insights on the thermodynamics and kinetics of 1 in water through a series of comparative 1H NMR and UV-Vis studies and relative modelling. Under dark conditions, we quantified a three-component equilibrium system where the dissociation (Ka) of the open protonated form (MCH) is followed by isomerization (Kc) of the open deprotonated form (MC) to the closed spiropyran form (SP) – i.e., in the absence of light, the ground state acidity can be expressed as KGSa = Ka(1 + Kc). On the other hand, under powerful and continuous light irradiation we were able to assess, for the first time experimentally, the dissociation constant (KMSa) of the protonated metastable state (cis-MCH). In addition, we found that thermal ring-opening of SP is always rate-determining regardless of pH, whereas hydrolysis is reminiscent of what is found for Schiff bases. The proposed methodology is general, and it was applied to two other compounds bearing a shorter (ethyl, 2) and a longer (butyl, 3) alkyl-1-sulfonate bridge. We found that the pKa remains constant, whereas both pKc and pKMSa linearly increase with the length of the alkyl bridge. Importantly, all results are consistent with a four-component model cycle, which describes perfectly the full dynamics of proton release/uptake of 1–3 in water. The superior hydrolytic stability and water solubility of compound 3, together with its relatively high pKGSa (low Kc), allowed us to achieve fully reversible jumps of 2.5 pH units over 18 consecutive cycles (6 hours).

2020

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