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Concept
Four stages of awakening
Summary
The four stages of awakening in Early Buddhism and Theravada
are four progressive stages culminating in full awakening (Bodhi) as an Arahant.
These four stages are Sotāpanna (stream-enterer), Sakadāgāmi (once-returner), Anāgāmi (non-returner), and Arahant. The oldest Buddhist texts portray the Buddha as referring to people who are at one of these four stages as noble people (ariya-puggala) and the community of such persons as the noble sangha (ariya-sangha).
The teaching of the four stages of awakening is a central element of the early Buddhist schools, including the Theravada school of Buddhism, which still survives.
In the Sutta Pitaka several types of Buddhist practitioners are described, according to their level of attainment. The standard is four, but there are also longer descriptions with more types. The four are the Stream-enterer, Once-returner, Non-returner and the Arahant.
In the Visuddhimagga the five stages are the culmination of the seven purifications. The descriptions are elaborated and harmonized, giving the same sequence of purifications before attaining each of the four paths and fruits.
The Visuddhimagga stresses the importance of paññā (Sanskrit: prajñā), insight into anattā (Sanskrit: anātmam) and the Buddhist teachings, as the main means to liberation. Vipassanā (Sanskrit: vipaśyanā) has a central role in this. Insight is emphasized by the contemporary Vipassana movement.
A "Stream-enterer" (Sotāpanna) is free from:
- Identity view (Pali: ), the belief that there is an unchanging self or soul in the five impermanent skandhas
- Attachment to rites and rituals
- Doubt about the teachings A "Once-returner" (Sakadāgāmin) has greatly attenuated:
- Sensual desire
- Ill will A "Non-returner" (Anāgāmi) is free from:
- Sensual desire
- Ill will An Arahant is free from all of the five lower fetters and the five higher fetters, which are:
- Attachment to the four meditative absorptions, which have form (rupa jhana)
- Attachment to the four formless absorptions (ārupa jhana)
- Conceit
Official source
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