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Concept
Forced labour
Summary
Forced labour, or unfree labour, is any work relation, especially in modern or early modern history, in which people are employed against their will with the threat of destitution, detention, violence including death or other forms of extreme hardship to either themselves or members of their families.
Unfree labour includes all forms of slavery, penal labour and the corresponding institutions, such as debt slavery, serfdom, corvée and labour camps.
Many forms of unfree labour are also covered by the term forced labour, which is defined by the International Labour Organization (ILO) as all involuntary work or service exacted under the menace of a penalty.
However, under the ILO Forced Labour Convention of 1930, the term forced or compulsory labour does not include:
"any work or service exacted in virtue of compulsory military service laws for work of a purely military character;"
"any work or service which forms part of the normal civic obligations of the citizens of a fully self-governing country;"
"any work or service exacted from any person as a consequence of a conviction in a court of law, provided that the said work or service is carried out under the supervision and control of a public authority and that the said person is not hired to or placed at the disposal of private individuals, companies or associations (requiring that prison farms no longer do convict leasing)";
"any work or service exacted in cases of emergency, that is to say, in the event of war, of a calamity or threatened calamity, such as fire, flood, famine, earthquake, violent epidemic or epizootic diseases, invasion by: animal, insect or vegetable pests, and in general any circumstance that would endanger the existence or the well-being of the whole or part of the population";
Labour economics#Wage slaveryLabor theory of value and Productive and unproductive labour
If payment occurs, it may be in one or more of the following forms:
The payment does not exceed subsistence or barely exceeds it;
The payment is in goods which are not desirable and/or cannot be exchanged or are difficult to exchange; or
The payment wholly or mostly consists of cancellation of a debt or liability that was itself coerced, or belongs to someone else.
Official source
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