Standard atmosphere (unit)
The standard atmosphere (symbol: atm) is a unit of pressure defined as 101325 Pa. It is sometimes used as a reference pressure or standard pressure. It is approximately equal to Earth's average atmospheric pressure at sea level. The standard atmosphere was originally defined as the pressure exerted by a 760 mm column of mercury at and standard gravity (gn = 9.80665m/s2). It was used as a reference condition for physical and chemical properties, and was implicit in the definition of the Celsius temperature scale, which defined as the boiling point of water at this pressure. In 1954, the 10th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) adopted standard atmosphere for general use and affirmed its definition of being precisely equal to 1013250 dynes per square centimetre (101325Pa). This defined pressure in a way that is independent of the properties of any particular substance. In addition, the CGPM noted that there had been some misapprehension that the previous definition (from the 9th CGPM) "led some physicists to believe that this definition of the standard atmosphere was valid only for accurate work in thermometry." In chemistry and in various industries, the reference pressure referred to in standard temperature and pressure was commonly prior to 1982, but standards have since diverged; in 1982, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry recommended that for the purposes of specifying the physical properties of substances, standard pressure should be precisely . A pressure of 1 atm can also be stated as: ≡ 101325 pascals (Pa) ≡ 1.01325 bar ≈ 1.033 kgf/cm2 ≈ 1.033 technical atmosphere ≈ 10.33 m H2O, 4 °C ≈ 760 mmHg, 0 °C, subject to revision as more precise measurements of mercury's density become available ≡ 760 torr (Torr) ≈ 29.92 inHg, 0 °C, subject to revision as more precise measurements of mercury's density become available ≈ 406.782 in H2O, 4 °C ≈ 14.6959 pounds-force per square inch (lbf/in2) ≈ 2116.22 pounds-force per square foot (lbf/ft2) = 1 ata (atmosphere absolute).