Semitic people

Semites, Semitic peoples or Semitic cultures is an obsolete term for an ethnic, cultural or racial group. The terminology is now largely unused outside the grouping "Semitic languages" in linguistics. First used in the 1770s by members of the Göttingen School of History, this biblical terminology for race was derived from Shem (שֵׁם), one of the three sons of Noah in the Book of Genesis, together with the parallel terms Hamites and Japhetites. In archaeology, the term is sometimes used informally as "a kind of shorthand" for ancient Semitic-speaking peoples. The term Semitic in a racial sense was coined by members of the Göttingen School of History in the early 1770s. Other members of the Göttingen School of History coined the separate term Caucasian in the 1780s. These terms were used and developed by numerous other scholars over the next century. In the early 20th century, the pseudo-scientific classifications of Carleton S. Coon included the Semitic peoples in the Caucasian race, as similar in appearance to the Indo-European, Northwest Caucasian, and Kartvelian-speaking peoples. Due to the interweaving of language studies and cultural studies, the term also came to be applied to the religions (ancient Semitic and Abrahamic) and ethnicities of various cultures associated by geographic and linguistic distribution. Antisemitism The terms "anti-Semite" or "antisemitism" came by a circuitous route to refer more narrowly to anyone who was hostile or discriminatory towards Jews in particular. Anthropologists of the 19th century such as Ernest Renan readily aligned linguistic groupings with ethnicity and culture, appealing to anecdote, science and folklore in their efforts to define racial character. Moritz Steinschneider, in his periodical of Jewish letters Hamaskir (3 (Berlin 1860), 16), discusses an article by Heymann Steinthal criticising Renan's article "New Considerations on the General Character of the Semitic Peoples, In Particular Their Tendency to Monotheism". Renan had acknowledged the importance of the ancient civilisations of Mesopotamia, Israel etc.

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Generations of Noah

The Generations of Noah, also called the Table of Nations or Origines Gentium, is a genealogy of the sons of Noah, according to the Hebrew Bible (Genesis ), and their dispersion into many lands after the Flood, focusing on the major known societies. The term nations to describe the descendants is a standard English translation of the Hebrew word "goyim", following the 400 CE Latin Vulgate's "nationes", and does not have the same political connotations that the word entails today.

Hamites

Hamites is the name formerly used for some Northern and Horn of Africa peoples in the context of a now-outdated model of dividing humanity into different races which was developed originally by Europeans in support of colonialism and slavery. The term was originally borrowed from the Book of Genesis, where it is used for the descendants of Ham, son of Noah. The term was originally used in contrast to the other two proposed divisions of mankind based on the story of Noah: Semites and Japhetites.

Semitic people

Projeter une empreinte positive sur la planète (Copenhague, Danemark)

Johanna Daniels

Le monde fait face à de sérieux problèmes environnementaux. Pour garantir le fonctionnement de la planète dans le futur, nous devons changer notre manière de vivre et de construire. Développement pour une empreinte positive sur la planète (Planet Positive Development, PPD) est une stratégie pour un futur durable, qui implique d'intervenir “avec” la nature plutôt que “sur” celle-ci. La stratégie explore une solution pour la ville visant “l'exploitation urbaine” (densité), le “reboisement urbain” (biodiversité) et la “mixité fonctionnelle et sociale” (diversité). L'empreinte écologique du Danemark est la quatrième plus importante du monde. La ville de Copenhague, où l'étalement urbain est un problème majeur, a été choisie comme terrain d'exploration pour convertir la théorie du PPD en un projet réel. Pour des raisons sociales et environnementales, la ville est rendue plus compacte par l'exploitation de connecteurs (architecture et nature intégrée) entre les espaces verts existants, créant ainsi une structure verte cohérente. Un ancien rail, transformé en une piste cyclable est la première intervention dans le sens de cette stratégie. Cette bande verte est densifiée sur des sites stratégiques à proximité de transports publics. Le projet Urban Oasis s'inscrit dans la ligne de ces développements. Le sol contaminé du site est rendu accessible suite à une décontamination biologique par la végétation, créant de ce fait une forêt en plein centre-ville. Des bâtiments sur pilotis émergent au fil du temps. Programmatiquement, le projet vise une intégration dans la ville en offrant des fonctions publiques ainsi que des logements dans une forêt urbaine, à proximité des arbres, d'où l'on peut toucher les feuilles et voir par-dessus les toits.

2010