Jali

A jali or jaali (jālī, meaning "net") is the term for a perforated stone or latticed screen, usually with an ornamental pattern constructed through the use of calligraphy, geometry or natural patterns. This form of architectural decoration is common in Indo-Islamic architecture and more generally in Indian architecture. It is closely related to mashrabiya in Islamic architecture. According to Yatin Pandya, the jali allows light and air while minimizing the sun and the rain, as well as providing cooling through passive ventilation.> The holes are often nearly of the same width or smaller than the thickness of the stone, thus providing structural strength. It has been observed that humid areas like Kerala and Konkan have larger holes with overall lower opacity than compared with the dry climate regions of Gujarat and Rajasthan. With the widespread use of glass in the late 19th century, and compactness of the residential areas in the modern India, jalis became less frequent for privacy and security matters. In the 21st century, it has gained popularity again as a low-energy building solution for the environmental footprint of energy use by buildings. The earliest sanctuaries in India, dedicated to Buddhism, Jainism, and Hinduism, were often dimly lit and confined, resembling natural caves. Worshippers gathered in front of the sanctuaries' doorways for prayers and offerings. To control the harsh daylight entering the temples, screens known as "jalis" were used to filter and soften the light, encouraging devotion and directing attention to the sacred images. The tradition of using jalis persisted in later Indian architecture, including Hindu and Jain temples. Over time, the designs of jalis evolved, incorporating geometric and naturalistic patterns. With the advent of Islamic architecture in Gujarat, the use of jalis expanded and became a prominent feature in mosques and tombs, following the same symbolic importance of light in Islam.