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Concept
Gastrin
Summary
Gastrin is a peptide hormone that stimulates secretion of gastric acid (HCl) by the parietal cells of the stomach and aids in gastric motility. It is released by G cells in the pyloric antrum of the stomach, duodenum, and the pancreas.
Gastrin binds to cholecystokinin B receptors to stimulate the release of histamines in enterochromaffin-like cells, and it induces the insertion of K+/H+ ATPase pumps into the apical membrane of parietal cells (which in turn increases H+ release into the stomach cavity). Its release is stimulated by peptides in the lumen of the stomach.
In humans, the GAS gene is located on the long arm of the seventeenth chromosome (17q21).
Gastrin is a linear peptide hormone produced by G cells of the duodenum and in the pyloric antrum of the stomach. It is secreted into the bloodstream. The encoded polypeptide is preprogastrin, which is cleaved by enzymes in posttranslational modification to produce progastrin (an intermediate, inactive precursor) and then gastrin in various forms, primarily the following three:
gastrin-34 ("big gastrin")
gastrin-17 ("little gastrin")
gastrin-14 ("minigastrin")
Also, pentagastrin is an artificially synthesized, five amino acid sequence identical to the last five amino acid sequence at the C-terminus end of gastrin.
The numbers refer to the amino acid count.
Gastrin is released in response to certain stimuli. These include:
stomach antrum distension
vagal stimulation (mediated by the neurocrine bombesin, or GRP in humans)
the presence of partially digested proteins, especially amino acids, in the stomach. Aromatic amino acids are particularly powerful stimuli for gastrin release.
hypercalcemia (via calcium-sensing receptors)
Gastrin release is inhibited by:
the presence of acid (primarily the secreted HCl) in the stomach (a case of negative feedback)
somatostatin also inhibits the release of gastrin, along with secretin, GIP (gastroinhibitory peptide), VIP (vasoactive intestinal peptide), glucagon and calcitonin.
Official source
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