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Concept
Borate
Summary
A borate is any of a range of boron oxyanions, anions containing boron and oxygen, such as orthoborate , metaborate , or tetraborate ; or any salt of such anions, such as sodium metaborate, and borax . The name also refers to esters of such anions, such as trimethyl borate .
Borate ions occur, alone or with other anions, in many borate and borosilicate minerals such as borax, boracite, ulexite (boronatrocalcite) and colemanite. Borates also occur in seawater, where they make an important contribution to the absorption of low frequency sound in seawater.
Borates also occur in plants, including almost all fruits.
The main borate anions are:
tetrahydroxyborate , found in sodium tetrahydroxyborate .
orthoborate , found in trisodium orthoborate
perborate , as in sodium perborate
metaborate or its cyclic trimer , found in sodium metaborate
diborate , found in magnesium diborate (suanite),
triborate , found in calcium aluminium triborate (johachidolite),
tetraborate , found in anhydrous borax
tetrahydroxytetraborate , found in borax "decahydrate"
tetraborate(6-) found in lithium tetraborate(6-)
pentaborate or , found in sodium pentaborate
octaborate found in disodium octaborate
In 1905, Burgess and Holt observed that fusing mixtures of boric oxide and sodium carbonate yielded on cooling two crystalline compounds with definite compositions, consistent with anhydrous borax (which can be written ) and sodium octaborate (which can be written ).
Borate anions (and functional groups) consist of trigonal planar and/or tetrahedral structural units, joined together via shared oxygen atoms (corners) or atom pairs (edges) into larger clusters so as to construct various ions such as , , , , , etc. These anions may be cyclic or linear in structure, and can further polymerize into infinite chains, layers, and tridimensional frameworks. The terminal (unshared) oxygen atoms in the borate anions may be capped with hydrogen atoms () or may carry a negative charge ().
Official source
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