Marguerite Augusta Marie Löwenhielm, duchesse de Fitz-James

Marguerite Augusta Marie Löwenhielm was a French mycologist and author during the 19th and early 20th centuries who studied the effectiveness of new "Americanist" varieties of grapevine in surviving the harmful insect pest Phylloxera. Marguerite Marie was born on 27 July 1830 in Paris to Count Gustaf Löwenhielm and Cléonice de Baguet. Her father, nearly sixty at the time of her birth, raised her like the son he'd always wanted. She was taught Latin, biology, mathematics, and drawing. From an early age, she became interested in horsemanship and practiced riding under a Scottish equerry. Winemaking and grape cultivation quickly became another passion of Marguerite's. Introduced to the family trade by her maternal grandmother, Marguerite assisted in producing small batches of wine on a plot of land south of Paris. In 1847, Marguerite was presented to King Louis-Philippe I and Queen Marie-Amélie in a private audience. Four years later, she married Duke Edouard de Fitz-James and had four children with him. Over the following years, the duke pursued an idle but lavish lifestyle at the racetracks and social clubs of Paris. It was during this period that he commissioned a portrait of Marguerite by esteemed painter Henri Fantin-Latour. However, growing debts and expenditures caused the Fitz-James to steadily fall into financial difficulty. At the same time, the duke and duchess's relationship deteriorated and they grew apart. By 1885, the Duchess had fully withdrawn from Parisian social life and was spending almost all her time in the southern countryside. While living among the rural farmers in land she had recently inherited, she took a deeper interest in local agricultural science. In particular, Marguerite was invested in the problem of the Phylloxera, a pest insect which destroyed grape harvests at staggering rates. Learning of American strains of grape which were resistant to the pest from a local farmer familiar with agriculture, Marguerite adopted the "Americanist" view of combating harmful pests.