Inverse image functor

In mathematics, specifically in algebraic topology and algebraic geometry, an inverse image functor is a contravariant construction of sheaves; here “contravariant” in the sense given a map , the inverse image functor is a functor from the of sheaves on Y to the category of sheaves on X. The is the primary operation on sheaves, with the simplest definition. The inverse image exhibits some relatively subtle features. Suppose we are given a sheaf on and that we want to transport to using a continuous map . We will call the result the inverse image or sheaf . If we try to imitate the by setting for each open set of , we immediately run into a problem: is not necessarily open. The best we could do is to approximate it by open sets, and even then we will get a presheaf and not a sheaf. Consequently, we define to be the sheaf associated to the presheaf: (Here is an open subset of and the colimit runs over all open subsets of containing .) For example, if is just the inclusion of a point of , then is just the stalk of at this point. The restriction maps, as well as the functoriality of the inverse image follows from the universal property of direct limits. When dealing with morphisms of locally ringed spaces, for example schemes in algebraic geometry, one often works with sheaves of -modules, where is the structure sheaf of . Then the functor is inappropriate, because in general it does not even give sheaves of -modules. In order to remedy this, one defines in this situation for a sheaf of -modules its inverse image by While is more complicated to define than , the stalks are easier to compute: given a point , one has . is an exact functor, as can be seen by the above calculation of the stalks. is (in general) only right exact. If is exact, f is called flat. is the left adjoint of the . This implies that there are natural unit and counit morphisms and . These morphisms yield a natural adjunction correspondence: However, the morphisms and are almost never isomorphisms.

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