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Concept
Closely related key
Summary
In music, a closely related key (or close key) is one sharing many common tones with an original key, as opposed to a distantly related key (or distant key). In music harmony, there are six of them: four of them share all the pitches with a key with which it is being compared, one of them share all except one, and one shares the same tonic.
Such keys are the most commonly used destinations or transpositions in a modulation, because of their strong structural links with the home key. Distant keys may be reached sequentially through closely related keys by chain modulation, for example, C to G to D. For example, "One principle that every composer of Haydn's day [Classical music era] kept in mind was over-all unity of tonality. No piece dared wander too far from its tonic key, and no piece in a four-movement form dared to present a tonality not closely related to the key of the whole series." For example, the first movement of Mozart's Piano Sonata No. 7, K. 309, modulates only to closely related keys (the dominant, supertonic, and submediant).
Given a major key tonic (I), the related keys are:
ii (supertonic, the relative minor of the subdominant)
iii (mediant, the relative minor of the dominant)
IV (subdominant): one less sharp (or one more flat) around circle of fifths
V (dominant): one more sharp (or one fewer flat) around circle of fifths
vi (submediant or relative minor): different tonic, same key signature
i (parallel minor): same tonic, different key signature
Specifically:
{| class="wikitable"
!Original key (Major)
!Submediant (Relative minor)
!Subdominant, dominant, supertonic, and mediant
!Subdominants
!Dominants
!Parallel minor
|-
|C
|Am
|F, G, Dm, Em
|B, E, A, D
|D, A, E, B
|Cm
|-
|G
|Em
|C, D, Am, Bm
|F, B, E, A
|A, E, B, F
|Gm
|-
|D/E
|Bm/Cm
|G/A, A/B, Em/Fm, Fm/Gm
|C/D, F/G, B/C, E/F
|E/F, B/C, F/G, C/D
|Dm/Em
|-
|A/B
|Fm/Gm
|D/E, E/F, Bm/Cm, Cm/Dm
|G/A, C/D, F/G, B/C
|B/C, F/G, C/D, G/A
|Am/Bm
|-
|E/F
|Cm/Dm
|A/B, B/C, Fm/Gm, Gm/Am
|D/E, G/A, C/D, F/G
|F/G, C/D, G/A, D/E
|Em/Fm
|-
|B/C
|Gm/Am
|E/F, F/G, Cm/Dm, Dm/Em
|A/B, D/E, G/A, C/D
|C/D, G/A, D/E, A/B
|Bm/Cm
|-
|F/G
|Dm/Em
|B/C, C/D, Gm/Am, Am/Bm
|E/F, A/B, D/E, G/A
|G/A, D/E, A/B, E/F
|Fm/Gm
|-
|C/D
|Am/Bm
|F/G, G/A, Dm/Em, Em/Fm
|B/C, E/F, A/B, D/E
|D/E, A/B, E/F, B/C
|Cm/Dm
|-
|G/A
|Em/Fm
|C/D, D/E, Am/Bm, Bm/Cm
|F/G, B/C, E/F, A/B
|A/B, E/F, B/C, F/G
|Gm/Am
|-
|D/E
|Bm/Cm
|G/A, A/B, Em/Fm, Fm/Gm
|C/D, F/G, B/C, E/F
|E/F, B/C, F/G, C/D
|Dm/Em
|-
|A/B
|Fm/Gm
|D/E, E/F, Bm/Cm, Cm/Dm
|G/A, C/D, F/G, B/C
|B/C, F/G, C/D, G/A
|Am/Bm
|-
|F
|Dm
|B, C, Gm, Am
|E, A, D, G
|G, D, A, E
|Fm
|-
|}
In a minor key, the closely related keys are the parallel major, mediant or relative major, the subdominant, the minor dominant, the submediant, and the subtonic.
Official source
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