This comparison of programming languages compares the features of language syntax (format) for over 50 computer programming languages.
Programming language expressions can be broadly classified into four syntax structures:
prefix notation
Lisp (* (+ 2 3) (expt 4 5))
infix notation
Fortran (2 + 3) * (4 ** 5)
suffix, postfix, or Reverse Polish notation
Forth 2 3 + 4 5 ** *
math-like notation
TUTOR (2 + 3)(45) $$ note implicit multiply operator
When a programming languages has statements, they typically have conventions for:
statement separators;
statement terminators; and
line continuation
A statement separator demarcates the boundary between two separate statements. A statement terminator defines the end of an individual statement. Languages that interpret the end of line to be the end of a statement are called "line-oriented" languages.
"Line continuation" is a convention in line-oriented languages where the newline character could potentially be misinterpreted as a statement terminator. In such languages, it allows a single statement to span more than just one line.
Line continuation is generally done as part of lexical analysis: a newline normally results in a token being added to the token stream, unless line continuation is detected.
Whitespace – Languages that do not need continuations
Ada – Lines terminate with semicolon
C# – Lines terminate with semicolon
JavaScript – Lines terminate with semicolon (which may be inferred)
Lua
OCaml
Ampersand as last character of line
Fortran 90, Fortran 95, Fortran 2003, Fortran 2008
Backslash as last character of line
bash and other Unix shells
C and C++ preprocessor
Mathematica and Wolfram Language
Python
Ruby
JavaScript – only within single- or double-quoted strings
Backtick as last character of line
PowerShell
Hyphen as last character of line
SQL*Plus
Underscore as last character of line
AutoIt
Cobra
Visual Basic
Xojo
Ellipsis (as three periods–not one special character)
MATLAB: The ellipsis token need not be the last characters on the line, but any following it will be ignored.
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Kotlin (ˈkɒtlɪn) is a cross-platform, statically typed, general-purpose high-level programming language with type inference. Kotlin is designed to interoperate fully with Java, and the JVM version of Kotlin's standard library depends on the Java Class Library, but type inference allows its syntax to be more concise. Kotlin mainly targets the JVM, but also compiles to JavaScript (e.g., for frontend web applications using React) or native code via LLVM (e.g., for native iOS apps sharing business logic with Android apps).
The syntax of the Python programming language is the set of rules that defines how a Python program will be written and interpreted (by both the runtime system and by human readers). The Python language has many similarities to Perl, C, and Java. However, there are some definite differences between the languages. It supports multiple programming paradigms, including structured, object-oriented programming, and functional programming, and boasts a dynamic type system and automatic memory management.
The syntax of JavaScript is the set of rules that define a correctly structured JavaScript program. The examples below make use of the log function of the console object present in most browsers for standard text output. The JavaScript standard library lacks an official standard text output function (with the exception of document.write). Given that JavaScript is mainly used for client-side scripting within modern web browsers, and that almost all Web browsers provide the alert function, alert can also be used, but is not commonly used.
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