Polyethylene

Polyethylene or polythene (abbreviated PE; IUPAC name polyethene or poly(methylene)) is the most commonly produced plastic. It is a polymer, primarily used for packaging (plastic bags, plastic films, geomembranes and containers including bottles, etc.). , over 100 million tonnes of polyethylene resins are being produced annually, accounting for 34% of the total plastics market. Many kinds of polyethylene are known, with most having the chemical formula (C2H4)n. PE is usually a mixture of similar polymers of ethylene, with various values of n. It can be low-density or high-density: low-density polyethylene is extruded using high pressure () and high temperature (), while high-density polyethylene is extruded using low pressure () and low temperature (). Polyethylene is usually thermoplastic, but it can be modified to become thermosetting instead, for example, in cross-linked polyethylene. While monomers with an -ene suffix have a doubl

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Introduction à la physique des polymères et aux liens entre structures chimiques et propriétés macroscopiques, avec accent sur la morphologie et le comportement thermomécanique. Méthodes de mise en œuvre, fournissant les bases nécessaires à la sélection des polymères dans un contexte industriel.

MSE-340: Polymer composites + Laboratory Work

Les propriétés mécaniques et physiques des composites anisotropes ainsi que leurs outils de calcul sont présentés. Les constituants, les mises en oeuvre et les relations microstructure-procédé-propriété sont décrits pour les composites polymères utilisés dans le transport, le sport et l'énergie.

CH-314: Structural analysis

The aim of this course is to treat three of the major techniques for structural characterization of molecules: mass spectrometry, NMR, and X-ray techniques.

Polymer

A polymer (ˈpɒlᵻmər; Greek poly-, "many" + -mer, "part") is a substance or material consisting of very large molecules called macromolecules, composed of many repeating subunits. Due to their broad

Plastic

Plastics are a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic materials that use polymers as a main ingredient. Their plasticity makes it possible for plastics to be moulded, extruded or pressed into sol

Polypropylene

Polypropylene (PP), also known as polypropene, is a thermoplastic polymer used in a wide variety of applications. It is produced via chain-growth polymerization from the monomer propylene. Polypropyl

Identification and characterization of microplastics in the Lake Geneva environment

Charlotte Thérèse Bondaz

This project is set in a context of raising awareness concerning the accumulation of plastics in oceans. As opposed to the marine environment, there is a real gap of knowledge on microplastics pollution in freshwaters. In this project, the Lake Geneva environment is investigated, concentrating on the Venoge River, the lake water surface, and the “déversoir du Capelard” – a storm overflow in Lausanne. In order to get a rapid and complete method to characterize microplastics in the Lake Geneva environment, some polymer analysis tools are suggested and tested. The goals of the study are to identify the plastic debris and to characterize the oxidation state of five different polyethylene samples. The Fourier Transform Spectroscopy appears to be an acceptable solution despite some limits. DSC would require some more researches and microscopy needs a long analysis time for little information.

2015

Accurate Measurement of Concurrent Flexion-Extension and Internal-External Rotations in Smart Knee Prostheses

Kamiar Aminian, Arash Arami, Axelle Vallet

In this work, we present a magnetic measurement system for integration into smart knee prostheses to accurately measure the combination of two knee rotations; namely Flexion- Extension and Internal-External rotations. This measurement system consists of two permanent magnets inserted into the femoral and tibial parts of the prosthesis and a configuration of anisotropic magneto-resistive sensors placed in its polyethylene part. The sensor configuration was designed according to the sensitivity analysis. Several angle estimators were defined to obtain accurate angle estimations. These estimators ranged from different linear regression models to artificial neural networks. The estimators were trained and tested on several dynamic measurements of rotations of the prosthesis parts in a mechanical knee simulator also monitored using a stereophotogrammetry motion capture system. Considering the best estimators, the errors (mean±SD) were 0.0°±0.9° and 0.2°±1.1° for IE and FE angle estimations respectively. The imposed Abduction- Adduction (AA) rotations effect was investigated on the estimators in two cases: when the estimators were trained on data without AA (Case 1) and with AA (Case 2). The Internal- External angle estimators showed high robustness to the imposed AA. The recorded errors for the best Flexion-Extension estimator were 0.9°±2.7° for Case 1 and 0.3°±1.7° for Case 2. The proposed system has thus demonstrated its ability to accurately estimate concurrent Flexion-Extension and Internal-External rotations.

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers2013

A facile strategy for the modification of polyethylene substrates with non-fouling, bioactive poly(poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate) brushes

Jeffrey Alan Hubbell, Harm-Anton Klok, Brian Pullin

This manuscript reports a facile strategy for the modification of polyethylene, a widely used biomaterial, with a thin non-biofouling coating that can act as a platform to introduce biochemical cues to control and direct, e.g., cell adhesion and proliferation. The non-biofouling coating is produced, following a two-step strategy involving photobromination of the polyethylene substrate followed by surface-initiated ATRP of poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate. The resulting coatings, which are referred to as polymer brushes, are robust and withstand prolonged exposure to aqueous ethanol and phosphate buffered saline and also do not show any signs of detachment or degradation in the in vivo studies over a period of 10 d. Functionalization of these polymer brush coatings with extracellular matrix derived peptide sequences, promotes adhesion and spreading of endothelial cells.

Wiley-Blackwell2010