Diamond anvil cell

A diamond anvil cell (DAC) is a high-pressure device used in geology, engineering, and materials science experiments. It enables the compression of a small (sub-millimeter-sized) piece of material to extreme pressures, typically up to around 100–200 gigapascals, although it is possible to achieve pressures up to 770 gigapascals (7,700,000 bars or 7.7 million atmospheres). The device has been used to recreate the pressure existing deep inside planets to synthesize materials and phases not observed under normal ambient conditions. Notable examples include the non-molecular ice X, polymeric nitrogen and metallic phases of xenon, lonsdaleite, and potentially metallic hydrogen. A DAC consists of two opposing diamonds with a sample compressed between the polished culets (tips). Pressure may be monitored using a reference material whose behavior under pressure is known. Common pressure standards include ruby fluorescence, and various structurally simple metals, such as

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RIXS - lecture 2

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Strength and texture of Pt compressed to 63 GPa

Susannah McGregor Dorfman

Angle-and energy-dispersive X-ray diffraction experiments in a radial geometry were performed in the diamond anvil cell on polycrystalline platinum samples at pressures up to 63 GPa. Observed yield strength and texture depend on grain size. For samples with 70-300-nm particle size, the yield strength is 5-6 GPa at similar to 60 GPa. Coarse-grained (similar to 2-mu m particles) Pt has a much lower yield strength of 1-1.5 GPa at similar to 60 GPa. Face-centered cubic metals Pt and Au have lower strength to shear modulus ratio than body-centered cubic or hexagonal close-packed metals. While a 300-nm particle sample exhibits the < 110 > texture expected of face-centered-cubic metals under compression, smaller and larger particles show a weak mixed < 110 > and < 100 > texture under compression. Differences in texture development may also occur due to deviations from uniaxial stress under compression in the diamond anvil cell. (C) 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.

Amer Inst Physics2015

The strength of ruby from X-ray diffraction under non-hydrostatic compression to 68 GPa

Susannah McGregor Dorfman

Polycrystalline ruby (alpha-Al2O3:Cr3+), a widely used pressure calibrant in high-pressure experiments, was compressed to 68.1 GPa at room temperature under non-hydrostatic conditions in a diamond anvil cell. Angle-dispersive X-ray diffraction experiments in a radial geometry were conducted at beamline X17C of the National Synchrotron Light Source. The stress state of ruby at high pressure and room temperature was analyzed based on the measured lattice strain. The differential stress of ruby increases with pressure from similar to 3.4 % of the shear modulus at 18.5 GPa to similar to 6.5 % at 68.1 GPa. The polycrystalline ruby sample can support a maximum differential stress of similar to 16 GPa at 68.1 GPa under non-hydrostatic compression. The results of this study provide a better understanding of the mechanical properties of this important material for high-pressure science. From a synthesis of existing data for strong ceramic materials, we find that the high-pressure yield strength correlates well with the ambient pressure Vickers hardness.

Springer2014

Synthesis and equation of state of perovskites in the (Mg, Fe)(3)Al2Si3O12 system to 177 GPa

Susannah McGregor Dorfman

Natural and synthetic pyrope-almandine compositions from 38 to 100 mol% almandine (Alm38-Alm100) were studied by synchrotron X-ray diffraction in the laser-heated diamond anvil cell to 177 GPa. Single-phase orthorhombic GdFeO3-type perovskites were synthesized across the entire examined compositional range at deep lower mantle pressures, with higher Fe-contents requiring higher synthesis pressures. The formation of perovskite with Alm100 (Fe3Al2Si3O12) composition at 80 GPa marks the first observation of a silicate perovskite in a Fe end-member. Fe-enrichment broadens and lowers the pressure range of the post-perovskite transition for intermediate compositions such as Alm54, but the more Fe-rich Alm100-composition perovskite remains stable to pressures as high as 149 GPa. Volume compression data for the Alm54 and Alm100 compositions were fit to the Birch-Murnaghan equation of state. The compressibility of perovskites synthesized from compositions along the pyrope-almandine join is not strongly sensitive to Fe-content. The compression curves were smooth over the entire measured range, and no evidence for a volume anomaly associated with a spin transition was observed. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Elsevier Science Bv2012

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Lab-grown diamond (LGD; also called laboratory-grown, laboratory-created, man-made, artisan-created, artificial, synthetic, or cultured diamond) is diamond that is produced in a controlled technolog

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RIXS - lecture 2