Planned economy

Summary

A planned economy is a type of economic system where the distribution of goods and services or the investment, production and the allocation of capital goods takes place according to economic plans that are either economy-wide or limited to a category of goods and services. A planned economy may use centralized, decentralized, participatory or Soviet-type forms of economic planning. The level of centralization or decentralization in decision-making and participation depends on the specific type of planning mechanism employed. Socialist states based on the Soviet model have used central planning, although a minority such as the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia have adopted some degree of market socialism. Market abolitionist socialism replaces factor markets with direct calculation as the means to coordinate the activities of the various socially owned economic enterprises that make up the economy. More recent approaches to socialist planning and allocation have come fr

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_economy

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El Hub (Liban)

Léonard Gurtner, Frédéric Karam

Le Liban, zone sinistrée, présente les problématiques typiques des pays aspirant à la reconstruction: la quasi inexistence d'un état souverain, l'absence de planification, la prolifération chaotique des intérêts privés, l'incompétence des organes vitaux constituant la ville. Dix-sept ans de guerre ont empêché le Liban de suivre les prises de conscience de l'aménagement du territoire et l'éveil écologique, qui se généralisent au même moment en Occident. Ce qui marque la particularité du Liban est sa volonté d'adhérer à la société de consommation, même en temps de guerre. Les choses ne se font donc que partiellement et/ou anarchiquement. Un des exemples les plus significatifs est l'utilisation à l'excès de la voiture dans un pays où les structures routières sont peu planifiées et chaotiques. La voiture prend possession des espaces extérieurs. Les véhicules envahissent les trottoirs. Les friches sont transformées en parking. Voitures privées, taxis, services, bus, camions commerciaux … les routes sont saturées. La zone côtière, où réside la majorité de la population libanaise, ne présente pas la place nécessaire à l'extension des infrastructures routières. L'état ne dispose que de très peu de terrain exploitable. L'urbanisation libanaise se définit comme une jungle d'intérêts privés, intérêts aussi divergents que les dix-huit communautés qui forment ce petit pays. Les espaces publics ont disparus. Le pays est paralysé et fragmenté. Nous développons un système de transport public alternatif. Nous évitons l'utilisation des routes. Nous connectons les différentes entités Libanaises. Nous espérons réunir les ethnies grâce à un service commun.

2008

Empirical observations suggest that consumers' propensity towards sharing varies with culture and the individuals' socio-demographic characteristics. In an economy with overlapping generations of heterogeneous consumers, we study optimal dynamic selling by a durable-goods monopolist in equilibrium. Feasible dynamic pricing strategies include second-degree price discrimination offering intertemporal consumption bundles in the form of rental and/or purchase options. We find that as the population's peer-trade propensity increases, possibly due to a cultural shift from private ownership to collective consumption, the durable-goods monopolist's optimal strategy shifts from unbundling (offering exclusively rentals), via mixed bundling (offering the options of rental and purchase side-by-side), to pure bundling (offering purchase only). We show that an increase in peer-trade propensity has an ambiguous effect on the firm's profit. Cultural shifts from low to high peer-trade propensity may be delayed by a firm's attempts to artificially disable sharing markets by offering overly low rental rates. However, beyond a certain threshold of peer-trade propensity, the firm prefers a cultural transition to an access-based economy. The underlying reason is that the asset base of a sharing economy ultimately depends on the firm's output, so that a portion of the anticipated rents from sharing can be captured by the durable-goods monopolist.

2019

Qualité de desserte et patterns spatio-temporels : accompagner le renouvellement des politiques publiques de déplacement par une adaptation plus fine de l’offre à la demande

Alexis Gumy, Marc-Edouard Baptiste Grégoire Schultheiss

In a society where car use is still predominant, resistance to modal shift questions traditional planning approaches. While lifestyles are diversifying, public transit timetables are still mainly based on commuting. This paper proposes a new, interdisciplinary analysis of transport supply and demand. Firstly, an approach based on the rhythms of life highlights the discrepancies between public transport supply and travel demand for certain rhythm profiles, both spatially and temporally. Secondly, a new methodology is proposed to evaluate and renew the indicator of level-of-service, a tool at the origin of many travel policies. Close collaboration with local administrations has made it possible to integrate specific transport policy and planning expectations.

2020