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Concept
Divided power structure
Summary
In mathematics, specifically commutative algebra, a divided power structure is a way of making expressions of the form meaningful even when it is not possible to actually divide by .
Let A be a commutative ring with an ideal I. A divided power structure (or PD-structure, after the French puissances divisées) on I is a collection of maps for n = 0, 1, 2, ... such that:
and for , while for n > 0.
for .
for .
for , where is an integer.
for and , where is an integer.
For convenience of notation, is often written as when it is clear what divided power structure is meant.
The term divided power ideal refers to an ideal with a given divided power structure, and divided power ring refers to a ring with a given ideal with divided power structure.
Homomorphisms of divided power algebras are ring homomorphisms that respects the divided power structure on its source and target.
The free divided power algebra over on one generator:
If A is an algebra over then every ideal I has a unique divided power structure where Indeed, this is the example which motivates the definition in the first place.
If M is an A-module, let denote the symmetric algebra of M over A. Then its dual has a canonical structure of divided power ring. In fact, it is canonically isomorphic to a natural completion of (see below) if M has finite rank.
If A is any ring, there exists a divided power ring
consisting of divided power polynomials in the variables
that is sums of divided power monomials of the form
with . Here the divided power ideal is the set of divided power polynomials with constant coefficient 0.
More generally, if M is an A-module, there is a universal A-algebra, called
with PD ideal
and an A-linear map
(The case of divided power polynomials is the special case in which M is a free module over A of finite rank.)
If I is any ideal of a ring A, there is a universal construction which extends A with divided powers of elements of I to get a divided power envelope of I in A.
Official source
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