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Concept
Sugar bowl (legal maxim)
Summary
In United States constitutional law and criminal procedure, the sugar bowl refers to a legal maxim relating to one of the restrictions on searches and seizures imposed by the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution. It specifically refers to the areas that may be searched in pursuit of the items stipulated in the warrant in relation to evidence of any other criminal acts which may be recovered.
The maxim (often quoted as "if you are looking for stolen televisions, you cannot look in sugar bowls") describes the relationship between what is described in a search warrant and the persons or things that may be validly searched as a consequence.
Under the law, only those areas that could realistically contain the objects searched for can be searched, and as such only evidence of other crimes found in those areas (or in plain sight) can be admitted.
In the eponymous example, if the search warrant states that a stolen television is the object of the search, a law enforcement officer cannot look into a person's sugar bowl for what might be other stolen property (as, of course, a television would not fit inside a sugar bowl). However, the officer may look into other concealed areas where a television may be hidden, such as a closet, attic, or outside shed. On the other hand, if the search warrant stated that a stolen ring was the subject, since a ring can easily be concealed inside a sugar bowl, the officer may search inside the bowl.
An extension of this concept prevents search through possessions that could not possibly be the object in question. If stolen televisions are exclusively the subject of the warrant then officers could not read through paperwork or the contents of computers found at the scene even if the televisions could reasonably be hidden among large stacks of paper or amongst computer equipment. Televisions could not be hidden inside a folder of papers, or stored on a hard drive, thus excluding those from being searched. Similarly, those executing the warrant may not use search techniques that are not specifically used to find the target.
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