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A citation is a reference to a source. More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression embedded in the body of an intellectual work that denotes an entry in the bibliographic references section of the work for the purpose of acknowledging the relevance of the works of others to the topic of discussion at the spot where the citation appears. Generally, the combination of both the in-body citation and the bibliographic entry constitutes what is commonly thought of as a citation (whereas bibliographic entries by themselves are not). Citations have several important purposes. While their uses for upholding intellectual honesty and bolstering claims are typically foregrounded in teaching materials and style guides (e.g.,), correct attribution of insights to previous sources is just one of these purposes. Linguistic analysis of citation-practices has indicated that they also serve critical roles in orchestrating the state of knowledge on a particular topic, identifyin

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Getting cited: does open access help?

Patrick Gaulé

We reexamine the widely held belief that free availability of scientific articles increases the number of citations they receive. Since open access is relatively more attractive to authors of higher quality papers, regressing citations on open access and other controls yields upward-biased estimates. Using an instrumental variable approach, we find no significant effect of open access. Instead, self-selection of higher quality articles into open access explains at least part of the observed open access citation advantage.

2008

TimeRank: A dynamic approach to rate scholars using citations

Giovanni Colavizza, Massimo Franceschet

Rating has become a common practice of modern science. No rating system can be considered as final, but instead several approaches can be taken, which magnify different aspects of the fabric of science. We introduce an approach for rating scholars which uses citations in a dynamic fashion, allocating ratings by considering the relative position of two authors at the time of the citation among them. Our main goal is to introduce the notion of citation timing as a complement to the usual suspects of popularity and prestige. We aim to produce a rating able to account for a variety of interesting phenomena, such as positioning raising stars on a more even footing with established researchers. We apply our method on the bibliometrics community using data from the Web of Science from 2000 to 2016, showing how the dynamic method is more effective than alternatives in this respect.

Elsevier Science Bv2017

Clustering citation histories in the Physical Review

Giovanni Colavizza, Massimo Franceschet

We investigate publications through their citation histories – the history events are the citations given to the article by younger publications and the time of the event is the date of publication of the citing article. We propose a methodology, based on spectral clustering, to group citation histories, and the corresponding publications, into communities and apply multinomial logistic regression to provide the revealed communities with semantics in terms of publication features. We study the case of publications from the full Physical Review archive, covering 120 years of physics in all its domains. We discover two clear archetypes of publications – marathoners and sprinters – that deviate from the average middle-of-the-roads behaviour, and discuss some publication features, like age of references and type of publication, that are correlated with the membership of a publication into a certain community.

Elsevier Science Bv2016

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