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This lecture introduces Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) as a statistical method to assess the impact of a categorical variable on a quantitative outcome. It covers the concepts of variance between and within groups, mean and standard deviation calculations, F-ratio computation, ANOVA test, critical value determination, normality checks, data transformations, Welch test for unequal variances, and Kruskal-Wallis test as an alternative to ANOVA.