Second Law of Thermodynamics: Clausius and Kelvin Restrictions

This lecture covers the historical development of the second law of thermodynamics, focusing on the Clausius and Kelvin restrictions. Rudolf Clausius and Lord Kelvin formulated these restrictions in the 19th century, highlighting the impossibility of certain energy transformations. The interdiction of Clausius states that heat cannot spontaneously flow from a cold body to a hot one, while the interdiction of Kelvin asserts that a system in contact with a single heat source can only perform work and release heat. Violating these restrictions would lead to the creation of perpetual motion machines, which are not feasible according to the laws of thermodynamics.