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This lecture covers the topic of Cryptanalysis, focusing on conventional methods such as Differential Cryptanalysis and Linear Cryptanalysis. The instructor discusses the concept of Hypothesis Testing in Cryptography, exploring techniques to analyze and break cryptographic systems. Various strategies and theorems related to cryptanalysis are presented, including Ciphertext Pair Analysis, Complexity Analysis, and the Piling-up Lemma. The lecture delves into the history of cryptanalysis, highlighting key milestones and developments in the field. Additionally, the application of cryptanalysis to DES and the importance of distinguishing between distributions in hypothesis testing are discussed in detail.