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This lecture covers the complexity of cancer, including over 100 types, incidence, and mortality rates. It discusses the challenges in translating research to clinical practice, focusing on cancer models and the best approaches for cancer studies, such as 2D cell culture and organoids. The lecture also explores the limitations of current cancer models and the importance of stromal-tumor interactions and anti-tumor immunity. It delves into the applications of tissue engineering for cancer research, including in vitro cancer models like spheroid-based models and microfluidics-based models. The lecture highlights the significance of studying the tumor microenvironment and the potential of bioprinted models for drug screening and understanding tumor progression.