This lecture covers the principles of electrochemical biosensors, focusing on the working current emerging from the working electrode, the importance of feedback resistance, and the role of operational amplifiers in differential amplifiers. The instructor explains how enzymes like oxidases and cytochromes play a crucial role in detecting specific molecules, such as glucose and cholesterol, in electrochemical cells. The lecture also delves into the challenges of measuring ions and pH levels in biosensing devices, emphasizing the significance of sensitivity and detection limits.