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This lecture explores the biodiversity in Switzerland, highlighting the high proportions of threatened species among OECD countries. It delves into the assessment of environmental quality, genetic engineering, and the biomass of various living organisms. The presentation covers biodiversity measurements, ecological niches, community stability, and the conservation focus evolution. It also discusses the intrinsic and instrumental values of biodiversity, emphasizing the importance of maintaining a balanced and adaptable community. The lecture concludes by examining the compromise between single large habitats and several small ones, as well as the impact of habitat fragmentation on metapopulation dynamics.