This lecture introduces the concept of functional reactive programming, focusing on signals that represent values changing over time. By using signals and transformations, the instructor explains how to create a cleaner and more functional approach compared to traditional event handling methods. The lecture covers the implementation of signals, the difference between signals and variables, and the advantages of using functional reactive programming for building complex observer structures. Through examples involving bank accounts and consolidators, the instructor demonstrates how signals can simplify the handling of state changes and event reactions.