This lecture covers the study of carbonation and microstructure in cementitious materials, focusing on the effects of supplementary cementitious materials, relative humidity, temperature, and curing conditions. It explores the competition of mechanisms, the formation of different solid phases, and the impact of various factors on porosity and performance. The lecture also discusses the change in microstructure before and after carbonation, as well as the diffusion processes in different states. Techniques such as XRD, TGA, NMR, SEM-EDX, and MIP are combined to analyze carbonation depth, solid phases, pore solution, and mechanical properties.