This lecture delves into adversarial thinking and attacks, focusing on the Common Weaknesses Enumeration (CWE) and the Common Vulnerability Scoring System. It covers weaknesses arising from non-sanitized data between components, unsanitized inputs on critical components, and ineffective defenses. The CWE Top 25 list is explored, highlighting prevalent weaknesses like improper input validation, out-of-bounds reads/writes, and exposure of sensitive information. The lecture emphasizes the importance of understanding and mitigating these vulnerabilities to enhance system security.