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This lecture covers the design and operation of anaerobic wastewater treatment plants, focusing on the removal of nitrogen through biofilters. It explains the processes involved in anaerobic biodegradation, methanogenic reactions, and the kinetic parameters of anaerobes. The history of anaerobic treatment technology, including its applications in different industries, is also discussed. The lecture explores the development of anaerobic sludge granules, high-rate anaerobic plants, and the market share of granular sludge reactors. It delves into the advantages of aerobic granular sludge technology, research issues in anaerobic treatment, and the recovery of valuable resources like phosphorus from waste sludge. The concept of decentralized water systems and the potential for bioplastic production from wastewater are also presented.