This lecture by the instructor covers recent advances in structural learning for probabilistic graphical models, focusing on topics such as Gaussian graphical models, mixed graphical models for diverse data, graph quilting for non-simultaneous data, and extreme graphical models for data with extreme events. The lecture also discusses integrative genomics, functional connectivity in neuronal activities, and the application of graphical models in various fields like national security, healthcare, and finance. The instructor highlights the importance of thresholding and latent variables in graph estimation and emphasizes the significance of probabilistic graphical models in studying relationships in complex data sets.