This lecture by the instructor covers chemical transformations in (photo) electrocatalytic materials, focusing on interface engineering for solar to chemical transformations, synthesis of novel electrocatalysts for CO₂ reduction, and advanced characterization techniques. The lecture also discusses the challenges in CO₂ photoelectroreduction, the synthesis of homogeneous and reproducible BiVO₄ substrates, and the real-time observation of the dissolution process of BiVO₄. Additionally, it explores computational degradation pathways and the elucidation of chemical heterogeneity via spectroscopy techniques. The lecture concludes with a discussion on emergent degradation phenomena in integrated photoelectrochemical cells and the HydroGEN 2.0 PEC approach.