Lecture
This lecture provides an in-depth case study on how the shell operates within a UNIX-like operating system. It begins by explaining the role of the init process, which spawns a shell such as bash or zsh, allowing users to interact with the operating system. The instructor discusses how the shell reads user commands, forks a child process, executes the command, and waits for its completion. A key focus is on the concept of redirection, where the output of a command can be redirected to a file instead of the terminal. The lecture illustrates this with a practical example using the word count program (wc), demonstrating how the shell rewires standard output to a file. The process of forking, closing file descriptors, and opening new ones is explained in detail, emphasizing the importance of file descriptor management. The lecture concludes with a summary of processes as abstractions, the separation of policies and mechanisms, and the key APIs for process management, including fork, exec, wait, and exit.