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This lecture explores modern radiation therapy techniques, including 3-D Conformal Radiotherapy, Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy, Stereotactic Radiosurgery, High Dose Rate Brachytherapy, Hadron Therapy, Proton Therapy, and more. It covers the concept, process, and treatment planning of each technique, emphasizing the importance of optimizing dose distribution to maximize tumor control probability while minimizing normal tissue complication probability. The lecture also delves into the physics and biology behind these techniques, such as the use of multileaf collimators, beam shaping devices, and the principles of Boron Neutron Capture Therapy and Radioimmunotherapy.