Hydraulic Machines: Types and Applications

This lecture provides an overview of the main types of hydraulic machines, focusing on hydraulic turbines. The instructor discusses the two primary categories: action turbines, such as Pelton turbines, and reaction turbines, including Francis and Kaplan turbines. The lecture details the working principles of these turbines, highlighting the Pelton turbine's design, which utilizes high-speed jets to generate torque through buckets. The instructor explains the suitability of Pelton turbines for high heads and their prevalence in Switzerland. The lecture also covers the components of Francis turbines, including spiral casings and wicket gates, and their efficiency in medium to high head applications. Kaplan turbines are introduced as well, emphasizing their adjustable blade pitch and suitability for low heads. The discussion concludes with an introduction to bulb turbines and the concept of specific speed, which classifies turbine types based on head and flow rate. The lecture aims to equip students with foundational knowledge of hydraulic machines and their operational principles.