This lecture covers the fundamental concepts of thermal effects, including heat transfer by conduction, convection, and radiation. It discusses the thermal conductivities of gases, liquids, and solids, emphasizing the impact of thin films and nanowires on thermal conductivity reduction. The lecture also explores the behavior of heat transfer coefficients in different scenarios, such as scaling down systems and small gap limits for gas conduction. Additionally, it delves into the thermal properties of carbon nanotubes and graphene, highlighting their high phonon thermal conductivity. Practical applications, like microhotplate devices and thermal accelerometers, are presented to illustrate the importance of understanding thermal behavior in micro and nanosystems.