This lecture explores the intertwined relationship between human societies and the natural environment, discussing how different perspectives have shaped our understanding of nature and society. It delves into the historical significance of geographical determinism, the evolving role of nature in social sciences, and the concept of nature as a social dimension of bio-physical realities. The lecture also examines the impact of human activities on the physical world, highlighting the emergence of the Anthropocene era and the unique responsibilities it entails.