This lecture covers techniques and applications of synchrotrons and x-ray free-electron lasers, focusing on photoelectron spectroscopies such as ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy. It explains experimental aspects, Fermi's Golden rule, ARPES-UPS with angular dispersion, and practical aspects of ARPES. The lecture also discusses the ARPES experimental geometry, parameters, and the process of loading and preparing samples for measurement.