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This lecture covers electron interference, electron diffraction, the wave-particle duality of light, Compton effect, wave nature of matter, and the quantum nature of radiation. It explores the experiments of Thompson, Davisson, and Germer, highlighting the contradictory results with classical physics. The lecture delves into the wave nature of matter proposed by de Broglie, the concept of material waves, and the de Broglie wavelength examples. It also discusses electron observations, the electron microscope, and the statistical description of quantum mechanics. The philosophical aspect of scientific theories and the principle of falsifiability are also addressed.