This lecture by the instructor Andrea Alberti from PMOD/WRC explores Earth Observation infrastructures in the context of the New Space Economy. It covers the Earth Observation ecosystem, satellites, passive and active payloads, enablers, and market share. The lecture delves into the importance of Earth Observation for monitoring and assessing the Earth's systems, emphasizing the role of data in enabling fact-based decisions. It discusses various Earth Observation payloads, such as optical, hyperspectral, and radar, showcasing their applications in monitoring the environment, natural disasters, and human activities. The lecture also highlights the significance of open data policies, data access, and the exponential growth of Earth Observation data.