Lecture
This lecture covers the Second Law of Thermodynamics, which defines the restrictions imposed by nature on heat-to-work transformations. It explains the directionality of energy transfer, the impossibility of certain spontaneous processes, and the concept of entropy. Historical statements by Clausius and Kelvin are discussed, along with the Carnot cycle and the efficiency of heat engines. Examples of thermal machines like the Carnot engine, Otto engine, and Diesel engine are presented, highlighting their operational principles and efficiencies. The lecture concludes with a discussion on the Carnot theorem and the naturally controlled nuclear power plant.