Polarization Methods

This lecture covers the generation of linear polarization using polarizers, methods such as reflection and birefringence, the efficiency of polarization through diffusion, and the use of Brewster mirrors for lasers. It also discusses birefringence in anisotropic materials, dichroism, and the production of polaroid sheets. The main refractive indices, birefringence in crystalline materials, and the classification of birefringence into uniaxial positive, uniaxial negative, and biaxial crystals are explained. Real examples of birrefringent materials like sodium chloride, ice, quartz, and tourmaline are provided, along with the classification of crystals based on their symmetries.