Lecture
This lecture covers the concept of spontaneous processes in chemistry, focusing on the first law of thermodynamics, reversible and irreversible processes, entropy, and the second law of thermodynamics. It explains how entropy determines the spontaneity of a process and introduces the Gibbs free energy as a criterion for spontaneity. The lecture also discusses standard molar entropies, predicting the spontaneity of chemical reactions based on entropy changes, and the relationship between Gibbs free energy and spontaneity. Practical examples and calculations are provided to illustrate these concepts.