This lecture covers the principles of computer-generated holography, focusing on digital holography and computer-generated holography. It explains the limitations of digital holography due to the need for precise illumination setups and explores the potential of computer-generated holography for synthesizing computer graphics objects and real scenes. The lecture also discusses the fabrication of optical volume elements using additive manufacturing and two-photon polymerization. It delves into the multilayer configuration of computer-generated volume elements, learning tomography for optical diffraction tomography, and the optimization schemes for designing optical volume elements. The presentation concludes with a showcase of additive manufacturing of a 3-layer volume element and the proposed optimization scheme for calculating optical volume elements.