This lecture covers the concept of boolean types in Python, explaining how variables of type bool correspond to the constants true and false. It delves into flow control structures, detailing the logical unary negation operator 'not' and binary logical operators 'and' and 'or'. The lecture also explores the evaluation of expressions with boolean values, the use of relational operators, and the short-circuit behavior of boolean operators. Additionally, it discusses the composition of boolean expressions using 'and', 'or', and 'not'.